Author Archives: jmccarthypotter

Research Throughout Project, I was Saving my notes and Research on a Word Document

Evidence:

 

Facts:

 

http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2010/1/cj30n1-8.pdf

Coulsen, Andrew J.  “The Effects of Teacher Unions on American Education.” Cato Journal. http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato journal/2010/1/cj30n1-8.pdf (accessed May 7, 2013).

 

-“According to the latest Schools and Staffing Survey published by the National Center for Education Statistics, private school teachers received an average base salary of $38,200 in 2007–08, while the comparable figure for teachers in traditional public schools was $52,100 (Coopersmith 2009: Table 7). This understates the difference in compensation between the sectors, however, due to the superior retirement benefits enjoyed by public sector teachers.” (pg. 157)

 

-“The most widely cited effort to investigate this issue is Caroline Hoxby’s (1996), which used a large, nationwide sample and a panel regression model with instrumental variables to conclude that unionization raises a public school district’s per pupil spending between 4.3 percent and 9 percent, relative to nonunionized districts.” (pg. 159)

 

– “42 percent compensation premium that divides public from private sector teachers” (pg. 159)

 

– “In the past half century, public school union membership has sextupled, and the share of union members within the public school sector has doubled (Figure 2). Clearly, the past 40 years have been good to the unions on this front.” (pg. 160)

 

– “Teachers unions became an institutional player in public education with the advent of mandated collective bargaining throughout much of the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. Through this process they acquired considerable influence not only over wages, benefits, and conditions of employment but over the educational program of school districts as well.” (pg. 163)

 

http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3403200614

Kirkpatrick, David W.  “Teacher Unions.” Encyclopedia of Education.    http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=WHIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3403200614 (accessed May 13, 2013)

 

-NEA had more than 2.3 million members in 2001

 

-NEA has a budget of nearly $250 million dollars

 

 

Blocks Education Reform:

 

http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2010/1/cj30n1-8.pdf

 

-“Victor Lavy argues that teachers union lobbying in particular ‘has often halted efforts to legislate performance-based rewards.’” (pg. 161)

 

-“Since public schools already enjoy a monopoly on nearly $600 billion in annual government education spending, the chief way in which the NEA and AFT minimize competition is by lobbying elected officials to maintain that monopoly—opposing policies such as charter schools, vouchers, and education tax credits that give families easier access to nonunion schooling.” (pg. 162)

 

-“The aim of these generous lobbying expenditures is frequently to minimize competition. In early 2009, for example, the NYSUT lob- bied for the elimination from the state budget of a planned $51 mil- lion increase in charter school funding, and for the inclusion of a significant increase in funding for traditional public school districts. The legislature followed this recommendation, freezing charter school spending at the previous year’s level.” (pg. 162)

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rob-furman/teacher-unions-_b_1937032.html

 

Furman, Rob. “Unions: Good or Bad for Education?” Huffington Post.  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rob-furman/teacher-unions-_b_1937032.html (accessed May 4, 2013).

-“Contracts may be so specific that teachers are only allowed to do an after school activity once a year. Even though teachers would be willing to go the extra mile for their students, they are too intimidated by their union to try”

 

http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/03/18/debate-are-teachers-unions-the-problem-or-the-answer.html

– “Our nation has been trying to reform the schools since the early 1980s, and the whole time the teachers unions have used their political power to block it.

 

 

Tenure:

 

http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2010/1/cj30n1-8.pdf

 

-“Hoxby and Leigh (2004: 239) conclude that between 1963 and 2000, ‘Pay compression increased the share of the lowest- aptitude female college graduates who became teachers by about 9 percentage points and decreased the share of the highest-aptitude female college graduates who become teachers by about 12 percent- age points.’ To this, Neal (2002: 34) adds that, ‘The rigid wage struc- tures among public schools also raise questions about teacher retention.’ In particular, he points to studies by Murnane and Olsen (1989, 1990) and Stinebrickner (2001), which examine separation rates for public school teachers, and concludes that ‘teachers with higher test scores and better college records leave their jobs at higher rates.’” (pg. 161)

 

http://news.yahoo.com/former-teacher-unions-bad-teachers-152100130.html (FIRST PERSON RESOURCE)

 

Farnham, Kristie. “Former Teacher: Unions are Bad for Teachers.” Yahoo News. http://news.yahoo.com/former-teacher-unions-bad-teachers-152100130.html (accessed May 13, 2013).

-“It’s sad to see teachers lose their motivation and passion because their pay is not in direct correlation to how hard they work.”

 

-“While these salary scales might be efficient, they force public schools to pay teachers based on seniority and degree-level regardless of merit.”

 

-“The NEA says that single salary schedules are advantageous because they ‘mitigate any subjective criteria or biases that might influence compensation, and they have predictable operating costs as well as built in efficiencies due to their easy administration.’”

 

-“Without single salary schedules, tremendous teachers could rise to the top and less dedicated teachers could be faced with the challenge to do better.”

 

http://www.foxbusiness.com/on-air/stossel/blog/2011/11/06/unions-good-bad-teachers-bad-kids

Stossel, John. “Unions: Good for Bad Teachers, Bad for Kids,” Fox Business, http://www.foxbusiness.com/on-air/stossel/blog/2011/11/06/unions-good-bad-teachers-bad-kids (accessed May 11, 2013).

– “He (ex-police detective Jim Smith’s job to investigate claims against bad teachers) says it’s so hard to fire anyone that it took years to fire a teacher who hit kids. ‘It took me four years and $283,000. $127,000 in legal fees plus what it cost to have a substitute fill in, all the while he’s sitting home having popcorn,’ said Smith.”

 

http://www.scpr.org/blogs/education/2013/03/28/13090/california-s-two-largest-public-school-teachers-un/

Guzman-Lopez, Adolfo. “State’s Largest Teacher Unions Want to Join Pending Lawsuit on Teacher Tenure.” Southern California Public Radio. http://www.scpr.org/blogs/education/2013/03/28/13090/california-s-two-largest-public-school-teachers-un/ (accessed May 10, 2013).

-Vergara vs. California, was filed in May, 2012 by Students Matter and a top constitutional law firm. The suit seeks to change five laws governing the teaching profession, namely the tenure provisions that give teachers wide job protections after 18 months on the job.

 

-“This case is really about protecting the rights of children in the state of California to equal opportunity to access to quality education, which the California Supreme Court has recognized is a fundamental right guaranteed by the California constitution,” he  (Marcellus McRae, one of the lawyers representing plaintiffs in the lawsuit) said.

 

 

 

 

Uses Teacher’s Money for Political Campaigns:

 

http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2010/1/cj30n1-8.pdf

 

– “In the vast majority of states, unions are free to use members’ dues for any political activity so long as the member has not submitted a formal request asking not to have their contributions used for that purpose.” (pg. 163)

 

-“So, regardless of their political beliefs, unionized teachers (and all other taxpayers) end up donating money to candidates who are backed by unions.”

 

 

http://cnsnews.com/news/article/california-non-union-teachers-sue-unions-over-coercive-political-funding

 

Lucas, Fred. “California Non-Union Teachers Sue Unions Over Coercive Political Funding.” CNS News. http://cnsnews.com/news/article/california-non-union-teachers-sue-unions-over-coercive-political-funding (accessed May 10, 2013).

-California teachers who say they are tired of paying for political causes they do not support – such as Democratic campaigns and gay and lesbian conferences — are suing the National Education Association, the California Teachers Association, and 10 local union affiliate organizations.

 

-One of the key issues of the legal action is the state’s “agency shop” policy, which requires every public school teacher – including non-union members – to pay up to $1,000 per year for the union’s collective bargaining efforts

 

-Under the law, unions can collect from teachers a base fee for services they provide, whether the teachers choose to join the union or not. The law also includes a process by which a union reduces the fees to exclude the cost of political activities from those such as negotiating for wages and benefits. Teachers who don’t want to belong to the union must “opt out” every year. A separate process allows them to challenge the amount of remaining fees they still pay as nonmembers

 

 

 

 

 

http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=AONE&userGroupName=s1221&tabID=T002&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=3&contentSet=GALE%7CA98469344&&docId=GALE|A98469344&docType=GALE&role

 

-Teachers’ unions are not pro student, not pro teacher, and not pro education–they’re pro Union.

 

 

5/7 New Resources

http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Education.html Education, by Linda Gorman

“After rising every year for fifty years, student scores on a variety of achievement tests dropped sharply in 1967. They continued to decline through 1980… Although achievement levels began to recover in 1980, the recovery has been weak and student achievement has yet to regain 1967 levels.”

“As the tax-supported schools grew larger, control shifted from parents to teachers and administrators, and the focus of school governance gradually shifted from academic achievement to staff pay and working conditions.”

-Just found information about teachers unions, I think this could be a good thread to follow, my thesis could say that the quality of schools are decreasing because the focus is shifting from students to teachers

“The data suggest that unionization increases school budgets, and that the increase is primarily directed to increasing teacher salaries and reducing class size to reduce workload.”

http://teachersunionexposed.com/

“These unions continue to block reforms needed to improve our nation’s schools by putting their focus on teachers rather than on the students they teach.”

5/8/13 More Resources

http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/06/the-failure-of-american-schools/308497/?single_page=true

-“Nearly three decades after A Nation at Risk, the groundbreaking report by the National Commission on Excellence in Education… the gains we have made in improving our schools are negligible—even though we have doubled our spending (in inflation-adjusted dollars) on K–12 public education.”

– “On America’s latest exams (the National Assessment of Educational Progress), one-third or fewer of eighth-grade students were proficient in math, science, or reading.”

-“Our high-school graduation rate continues to hover just shy of 70 percent, according to a 2010 report by the Editorial Projects in Education Research Center”

Tuthill, Dough. “Wishing for Progressive Teachers Union.” http://www.redefinedonline.org/2012/12/wishing-for-a-progressive-teachers-union/ (accessed 5/9/13, 2013).

– “Teachers unions are an important vehicle through which teachers can make their voices heard and impact political decision making, but they have historically been conservative and resistant to change.” (Dough Tuthill, former teacher, and union president)

 

 

 

Thesis and Outline

The declining results exhibited in the American public school system today are resultant of the government and society as a whole’s failure to underline the importance of education.

-Thesis needs to be more specific

-Explain why society no longer values education–> underlying cause

-Specify a city, New York? Boston?

 

I.  Intro Paragraph

            A. Importance of public education in America

                        1. Quotes

            B. Timeline of public schooling

C. Thesis The declining results exhibited in the American public school system today are resultant of the government and society as a whole’s failure to underline the importance of education.

II. Public Education in the Past

  1. A.    When it started
    1. Free, public schooling was popular by the 1800s
    2. Thomas Jefferson proposed public schooling system in 1779
  2. B.    How it started
  3. C.    Purposes at the start
  4. D.    What it was like when it started

III. Public Education in the Present Compared to the Past

  1. A.    Purposes of public education now
    1. 1.    In comparison to public education in the past
  2. B.    Present day general statistics
    1. 1.    In comparison to general statistics throughout history

IV. Problems in Public Education Today

  1. A.    Drop-out rate

1. Statistics

  1. B.    Oversized classes

1. Statistics

  1. C.    Low achievement
    1. 1.    Statistics
    2. 2.    Quotes

V. Problems through a Historical Lens

            A. When these problems started to arise

                        1. Dates

            B. Possible Trends

VI. Solutions

  1. A.    Using historical background, the best way to go about solving these problems

VII. Conclusion

  1. A.    Past to present analysis of public education
  2. B.    Re-state problems
  3. C.    Re-state solutions

New Resources DUE 5/3

http://www.credoreference.com/entry/jhueas/public_schools

-Thomas Jefferson proposed public schooling system in 1779

-Local not national governmental issue

-Free, public schooling was popular by the 1800s

-Mid 1700s movement promoted secular education

-Federal gov. has grown more involved in the funding of public schools

http://www.credoreference.com/entry/routpe/public_education

-Public schools: available for the use of the population at large

-Public schools: almost wholly dependent on tax dollars as revenue

-American public schooling system differs from the public schooling system in other countries

-Aimed to serve an increasingly diverse society

http://www.credoreference.com/entry/abcpga/public_schools

-Apprenticeship was the form of schooling during colonial times

-Schooling was only for the wealthy

 

3 Resources DUE: 3/26

The Conspiracy of Ignorance by Martin L. Gross (379.15 G91)

“As many as two-thirds of the nation’s public secondary school students are ‘disengaged’ from their school-work. Factors such as drugs, television, and uninvolved parents are partly to blame. But in many instances, schools fail to give students good enough reasons to learn” (pg. 187).

-Schools need to provide students with greater incentives to learn

“‘Our secondary schools are a shambles,” says Professor Richard Pipes, a history scholar at Harvard. “[High school] does not perform its proper function of preparing youth either for citizenship or for higher education…” (pg. 187-188).

“…a high school math teacher needs less training in mathematics than a simple baccalaureate in the field” (pg. 190)

“How is the damage done? Mainly by treating high schoolers like younger children…” (pg. 189)

“It is now obvious that to make high school the scholarly environment it should be, grades 9-12 must be clearly separated from elementary school. High school needs to abandon the public school model and adopt that of the university and better private schools” (pg. 193-194).

Education (Opposing Viewpoints) by Mary E. Williams (371.01 Op5)

“America has two sets of public schools. One set provides world-class education for the advantaged, for majority children, for Asians and the students in our homogenous, well-supported, populist, Midwestern states. America’s other public school system operates in poor Southern states, in rural areas and in the neighborhoods of the urban poor in which most of the ethnic and racial minorities reside…” (pg. 31).

“From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, scores fell from 478 to 423 on the verbal section, and from 502 to 479 on the math section. (On each section, everyone gets 200 points just for showing up, and a perfect score is 800)” (pg. 19).

“Studies reveal that students who have been retained are more likely to drop out of school than are similar students who are regularly passed” (pg. 200).

School (The Story of American Public Education) by Meryl Streep (370.973 Sch6)

“Public school as we know it was born in the mid-nineteenth century. Founders called it the “common” school. Common schools were funded by local property taxes, charged no tuition, were open to all white children, were governed by local school committees, and were subject to a modest amount of state regulation” (pg. 11).

“The American public school was their portal to opportunity… the institution that transformed them was the American public school” (pg. 63). (1960s-1970s)

“In 1900, the public school was one of the most treasured public institutions in the United States” (pg. 64).

-Throughout the decades Americans have lost pride in their schooling, leading to less commitment to schooling and lower academic achievement

“In the 1950s, complaints about the quality of education in the public schools were unrelenting, and critics blamed the schools’ failings on education professors and their abiding hostility to substantive academic courses” (pg. 69).

“But to some, including President Ronald Reagan, these numbers masked widespread problems. ‘Our educational system is in the grips of a crisis caused by low standards, lack of purpose, and a failure to strive for excellence,’ Reagan said in 1983…” (pg. 184).

“Especially true in the nation’s cities, where per-pupil spending might be as low as a third of what it was in nearby suburbs” (pg. 187).

4/15/13 Three Resources

Over the past few days, I have been looking for useful internet resources on the LA Unified School District. The LAUSD’s official website, http://home.lausd.net/, is a helpful source. This website provides a facts overview of the LAUSD, a list of all member schools, district goals and other general information that will be helpful in further research.

– “Second largest in the nation, the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) enrolls more than 640,000 students in kindergarten through 12th grade, at over 900 schools, and 187 public charter schools.”

– “At the Los Angeles Unified School District, our goals are: 100 percent graduation, proficiency for all, 100 percent attendance, parent and community engagement, school safety.”

-Here is a link to the LAUSD’s performance meter, charting historical statistics and goals for reaching the above goals: http://www.lausd.net/lausd/offices/Office_of_Communications/PerformanceMeter_September2012FINAL.pdf

 

Another helpful resource I found was this interview and article form the Pasadena-Star News: http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/news/ci_23023855/lausd-chief-john-deasy-draws-fire-he-pursues. This article addresses some current issues of the LAUSD and explain measures the school district has taken towards improvement.

– “LAUSD’s graduation rate now stands at 66 percent, up 4 points over the last two years, and that its API score has climbed from 709 to 744”

Read more:http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/news/ci_23023855/lausd-chief-john-deasy-draws-fire-he-pursues#ixzz2R93hxkrf

This is a link to the California Department of Education’s Common Core program. This is a newly administered program that the LAUSD claims will greatly improve their students overall academic standings. This website explains in further details the process and goals of the Common Core program. http://www.cde.ca.gov/re/cc/

4/3/13 Meeting with Ms. Gnerre

Ms. Gnerre and I met on Wednesday 4/3/13 to discuss my topic for the research project.  I’ve decided to research the issue of the public schooling system in the Los Angeles Unified School District. The over crowded classes, high drop-out rate, low academic performance and poor maintenance  are a handful of major problems that I encountered in my preliminary research. Ms. Gnerre explained that I will most likely be able to chose one of these main topics to focus on once I compile enough research. She suggested that I let my research dictate the direction of my paper.